Muhammad rashid usman institute of chemical engineering and technology university of the punjab, lahore. Petroleum and natural gas are largely mixtures of different alkanes. As we enter the 21st century, new challenges for catalysis science and technology are anticipated in almost every field. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. This text examines the thermal and catalytic processes involved in the refining of petroleum including visbreaking, coking, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, oligomerization, alkylation, hydrofining, hydroisomerization, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming. Crude oil is the basic component to produce all petrochemical and petroleum components after a long process of refinement in oil refineries. The most common method of refining crude is the process of fractional distillation. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Handbook of petroleum refining feedstock composition. Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkenes. At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas. The carbon atoms that make up the carbon backbone are linked together to form a chain linear or branched alkanes, a circle cyclic alkenes, or a mixture of both. Alkylation, in petroleum refining, chemical process in which light, gaseous hydrocarbons are combined to produce highoctane components of gasoline. They are the basic hydrocarbons and the starting points for understanding the chemistry of other, more complex molecules.
The composition of petroleum depends upon its source from where it is obtained. Crude oil and hydrocarbons crude oil, hydrocarbons and. Catalysis plays an increasingly critical role in modern petroleum refining and basic petrochemical industries as market demands for and specifications of petroleum and petrochemical products are continuously changing. In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby. Petroleum chemistry and refining applied energy technology series speight, james g. Chemical reactions of alkanes then will be discussed, with special emphasis on combus tion and substitution reactions.
The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes paraffins, cycloalkanes naphthenes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds. Refining endproducts the primary endproducts produced in petroleum refining may be grouped into four categories. Crude oil distillation unit cdu is significant in refinery, and retrofitting a crude oil. The distilled liquid from each level contains a mixture of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons with similar properties, and requires further refinement and processing to select specific molecules. Alkanes contain only single bonds, which means they are saturated with hydrogen atoms. Classified under sic 29, the petroleum refining industry is.
Part of the nato asi series book series nssb, volume 221. Thoroughly revised and expanded this new edition of the handbook of petroleum processes features new chapters that focus on the technological, pollutioncontrol, and economic aspects of 61 petroleum refining processes as created by a host of industry powerhouses. The text also provides a detailed introduction to refinery engineering topics, ranging from the basic principles and unit operations to overall refinery economics. For crude oil to be used effectively by modern industry, it has to be separated into its component parts and have impurities like sulfur removed.
Mixtures of alkanes, fortunately, are perfectly suitable for uses as fuels, solvents, and lubricants, the primary uses of petroleum. The process of using hydrogen gas to ensure all the products are alkanes is called hydrocracking. Chapter 5 the petroleum refining industry industry overview the petroleum refining industry uses the largest quantity of premium fuels in the industrial sector, amounting to 2,7 quads in 1981. Organic chemistryalkanesethane wikibooks, open books. Crude oil is a mixture of many compounds, and distillation is used to separate it. Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas distilled from crude oil typically having low octane ratings into highoctane liquid products called reformates, which are premium blending stocks for highoctane gasoline.
Growing refining overcapacity has resulted in recent refin. Petroleum refining at a glance petroleum refining is a unique and critical link in the petroleum supply chain, from the wellhead to the pump. Acknowledgements the canadian fuels association acknowledges the following contributors who provided. These are organic molecules that consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms in a treeshaped structure acyclic or not a ring. The simplest alkanes have their c atoms bonded in a straight chain. Crude oil is a fossil fuel and one of the most important substances in the world. The ratio of nalkanes to isoalkanes is shown in table 1 for one crude oil sample. Crude oil is used to make fuels for transport heating generating electricity. Raw petroleum differs enormously in appearance relying on its creation 21,22. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining crc. Petroleum, heavy oil, and tar sand bitumen are not usually found where the precursors were laid. The process converts lowoctane linear hydrocarbons paraffins into branched alkanes.
Saturated hydrocarbons are the basis of petroleum fuels and are found as either linear or branched species. For example, heavy petroleum distillate products can contain low proportions of normal alkanes and isoprenoids when they are removed during earlier phases of the refining process as components of the light and middlerange distillates figure 5. Handbook of petroleum refining processes electronic. Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. The demand for gasoline is much greater than that supplied by the gasoline fraction of petroleum. One product stream is called the light alkanes, which contain mainly methane m, ethane e, propane p butane b, and isopentane 1. Catalysts in petroleum refining and petrochemical industries. Join britannicas publishing partner program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work. Phillips petroleum company, 1946, by phillips petroleum company and enid champlin refining company page images at hathitrust alkylation of alkanes, new york, reinhold pub. These reactions are employed to illustrate how we can predict and use energy changesparticularly ah, the heat evolved or. An interactive program on the usage of petroleum can be found here refining crude oil. This involves heating crude oil to about 350 degrees celsius, to turn it into a mixture of gases. These are often locked under the domeshaped imperious rock.
This is achieved by using high pressures and temperatures without a catalyst, or lower temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst. We intermediate between petroleum refineriestrading companies and. The light hydrocarbons consist of olefins such as propylene and butylene and isoparaffins such as isobutane. The major hydrocarbon products produced from petroleum by refining are. Feb 26, 2003 this text examines the thermal and catalytic processes involved in the refining of petroleum including visbreaking, coking, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, oligomerization, alkylation, hydrofining, hydroisomerization, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming.
They are named according to the number of c atoms in the chain. Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules, which define its physical and chemical properties, like color. Petroleum refinery engineering petroleum refinery equipment. Within north america, recent demand for refined petroleum products has been flat to declining and is forecast to continue on this path. It also converts aromatics to cyclic alkanes, olefins to alkanes. Buy a cheap copy of petroleum refining for the nontechnical. Straightchain alkanes are when each carbon atom is linked to only one or two other carbon atoms. The most important sources for alkanes are oil and natural gas. Higher alkanes which are solid occur as residues from oil distillation tar. When drilled out of the mine, the oily mixture of hydrocarbons in its crude form is called petroleum latin, petra rock, oleum oil, or crude oil. We intermediate between petroleum refineriestrading companies and petroleum product users in subsaharan africa. On refining, they give liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, furnace oil and wax which are used as fuels.
Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining serge. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining by. Normal paraffins or normal alkanes are simply written as nparaffins or n alkanes, and they are open, straightchain saturated hydrocarbons. In petroleum refining, crude oil is separated into. The other links add value to petroleum mainly by moving and storing it e. When a mixture of alkanes from the gas oil fraction c 12 and higher. Usage of alkanes in daily life usage of alkanes in petroleum. Organic chemistry alkanes free download as powerpoint presentation.
In general, alkanes are chemically unreactive, although reactions do occur under forcing conditions. Crude oil occupational exposures in petroleum refining. Imprevious rocks are drilled by machines and the petroleum comes out of these holes due to the pressure developed by gases inside the rocks. The second group of paraffins is called isoparaffins, which are branchedtype hydrocarbons, and they begin with isobutane also called methylpropane, which has the same closed formula as nbutane c 4 h 10. Alkanes naturally occur in crude oil and are a major component of many fuels and solvents derived from petroleum. Oil is a mixture of liquid alkanes and other hydrocarbons. Light distillates liquid petroleum gas lpg gasoline also known as petrol kerosene jet fuel and other aircraft fuel.
The economics of petroleum refining understanding the business of processing crude oil into fuels and other value added products december 20. Petrol and other fuels are produced from it using fractional distillation. Alkanes are the major constituents of crude oil and the major constituents of most petroleum products. Propane is a very cleanburning fuel, producing mostly water and carbon dioxide during combustion, although contaminants can produce other byproducts. In its gas form, propane is heavier than air, which means that it will sink to the lowest point and pool there. Paraffins refer to alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane, n and iso butane, n and iso pentane. Cracking is the name given to breaking up large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and more useful bits. Complete separation into fractions containing individual compounds is economically impractical and virtually impossible technically. Aug 09, 2009 since i stumbled on project kaisei, and they were talking about cracking the plastics for diesel fuel. An introduction to petroleum refining and petrochemicals for alaskans iser report series tussing, arlon r on. Petroleum refining crude oil production of materials. Ethane is isolated on an industrial scale from natural gas, and as a byproduct of petroleum refining. Crude petroleum refers to petroleum before refining and it exists as sweet crude.
One of the largest natural deposits of solid alkanes is in an asphalt lake known as the pitch lake in trinidad and tobago. Cracking is used to convert long alkanes into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons. Petroleum refining and petrochemical processes fkit. Jan 17, 2019 vast underground deposits of liquid hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes, are found it many regions of the catch. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. We look at alkyne hydrocarbon chemistry with focus on the properties of acetylene ethyne and propyne methylacetylene. Because the design and construction of new processing units entail several years lead time, refiners are reluctant to commit these dollars for equipment that may no longer meet certain conditions when the units come on stream. Alkanes are present in natural gas and petroleum they may be synthesized by hydrogenation of alkenes or from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Its chief use is as petrochemical feedstock for ethylene production. From wikibooks, open books for an open world books youve read. Fundamentals of petroleum refining presents the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics, and it explains the scientific background essential for understanding refinery operations. Earlier in this website, we have seen the various fractions from crude oil and their usage.
Let us see couple of important aspects of petroleum in our daily life. This work highlights contemporary approaches to resource utilization and provides comprehensive coverage of technological advances in residuum conversion. Vast underground deposits of liquid hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes, are found it many regions of the catch. The book is designed to satisfy three different needs.
Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons. Petroleum refining engineeringii che425pg 2 credit hours 2016 dr. Petroleum refining is a unique and critical link in the petroleum supply chain, from the wellhead to. Alkanes are soluble in most organic solvents, but not in water. However, the general trend for all crude oils is that the proportion of alkanes decreases as molecular weight increases. Shorter chain alkanes are obtained commercially by the catalytic cracking of larger chain alkanes such as crude oil or petroleum refining. The first step in refining petroleum is distillation. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining.
Organic chemistryalkanesethane wikibooks, open books for. Petroleum is a mixture of many substances such as gas, petrol, diesel, kerosene, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, etc. Accompanying the reservoirs of petroleum is natural gas, consisting of gaseous. Thus the fractions taken contain mixtures of alkanes of similar boiling points see the table below. It could be described as two methane molecules attached to each other, less two hydrogens. The higher members can be cracked to form smaller alkanes and alkenes. This is a list of products produced from petroleum. Petroleum composition of petroleum mining refining. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carboncarbon bonds are single. Course outcome ability to explain the relationship between the structure, physical and chemical properties of the different bonds and functional groups in organic compounds co2 course learning outcome the student should be able to. It illustrates stateoftheart engineering methods for the refinement of heavy oils, bitumen, and other highsulphur feedstocks. It is second only to the chemicals industry in the total amount of energy it consumes. Alkanes get their name from the alkyl group that is composed of a carbon and three hydrogens. William lefflers petroleum refining in nontechnical language, fourth edition is designed to give the reader an overview of key refining topics by using relevant analogies, easytounderstand graphs, formulas, and illustrations.
Brief attention is given to the usefulness of larger alkynes in the pharmaceutical industry. Petroleum refiners must face billiondollar investments in equipment in order to meet everchanging environmental requirements. Important processes in the petroleum industry, therefore, are concerned with converting hydrocarbons from other fractions into gasoline. It is a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. Sep 20, 20 petroleum crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons consisting mainly of alkanes and cycloalkanes with smaller quantities of unsaturated hydrocarbons including alkenes. Hydroprocessing first involves the addition of hydrogen atoms to molecules without actually breaking the molecule into smaller pieces at temperatures of about 325 degrees celsius and pressures of about 50 atmospheres. An introduction to petroleum refining and petrochemicals for alaskans iser report series.
Sometimes, the absence of biodegradation is significant. In petroleum refining, crude oil is separated into several different mixtures of hydrocarbons. Alkanes are also called saturates or saturated hydrocarbons. In addition to alkanes it has cyclo alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and compounds of o, s and n. It analyzes the thermodynamics, reaction mechanisms, and kinetics of each process, as well as. Because oil is a blend of a substantial number of various hydrocarbons, the most ordinarily discovered atoms are alkanes paraffin, cycloalkanes naphthenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, or more complex chemicals such as asphaltenes. In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin a historical name that also has other meanings, is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. Petroleum chemistry and refining applied energy technology series. Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 2 2. It is a mixture of hundreds of different compounds. It can be used as a reference book, as a text in a course on refining processes, or for personal study. Handbook of industrial hydrocarbon processes sciencedirect.
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